The emergence of the term coincided with the maturation of a rap industry in large southern cities, especially Atlanta. One of Milans most known fashion brand designers is Marta Ferri, having the atelier Marta Ferri luxury brand. The particular cultural mix in Miami and its geographic proximity to the Caribbean has enabled the rise of a strong presence of 'reggaeton' music, a Spanish language form that draws upon dancehall reggae and rap. Sample from Missy Elliott, "Get Ur Freak On," Elektra / WEA, 2001. It was released on July 29, 1997 through Suave House/Relativity Records. A close reading of The Source's "Dirty South" reveals a puzzlingly conflicted mixture of connotations and perspectives. On Anotha Level is the only studio album by American West Coast hip hop group Anotha Level. 2, April 17, 2005. . The Miami style came to be defined by relatively fast (around 125 b.p.m.) F, February 1, 2004. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_64', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_64').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); In a similar manner to the "cold-hearted slum life" referenced by the group Dirty, the Drive-By Truckers' Dirty South traps its inhabitants in a "vicious cycle" that keeps poor and working class people "working for a living till [they] die" in the cities and towns of the South.65Robert Christgau, "Consumer Guide: Inter-Century Freundschaft," Village Voice 49:36 (September 8-14, 2004): C90. Next, Miller turns to the emergence and marketing of "crunk." we ain't about that [bourgeois] shit. '"113Ron Wynn, "Reclaiming Confederate Flag Angers Older Black Generation," Nashville City Paper, August 1, 2001. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_113', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_113').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); What seemed to Wynn a rising tide of historical amnesia in 2001 was really a passing sub-theme of southern rap. The disparity of access to national audiences and the music industry that once existed between southern cities and their counterparts in the Northeast or Southern California now maps onto a divide between well-connected southern cities like Houston or Atlanta and second- or third-tier cities like New Orleans, Memphis, and Miami. Various awards for Fashion innovation have shown what a good job they did, carrying the Versace label for fame in and out of Italy, all starting from Gianni Versace, whose legacy was carried in the past 20+ years by his sister, Donatella Versace. "The Guide," August 5, 2006. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_105', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_105').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); At the same time, however, more than economic concerns motivate Lil Jon, who had put in years of work as an Atlanta DJ and producer, and also worked as an A&R representative and promoter for Jermaine Dupri's So So Def Records before launching his own recording career. She dedicated herself to the creation of unique custom-made designs, opening an Atelier in Milan. Some user-contributed text on this page is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. Miami Audio Samples (Warning: Some of these audio samples contain explicit content.). . Other early- to mid-1990s artists such as Al Kapone and Kingpin Skinny Pimp formed points around which the local scene grew. In April 2008, Suave House signed a joint venture deal with Koch (Crosley, 2008). Female artists like Missy Mist, Debbie Deb, and Candy Fresh were among the artists who recorded in the formative years of Bass. A new version of Last.fm is available, to keep everything running smoothly, please reload the site. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_94', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_94').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); An example of this is the description of Atlanta rapper T.I. In songs such as "What U Gon Do" or "White Meat" (both included on the 2004 album Crunk Juice), Lil Jon creates scenarios which imagine one group confronting another in the nightclub space, threatening to "bust your head 'til the white meat shows." Lil Jon's efforts with regard to crunk were characterized by shameless self-promotion and conscious attempts to manipulate rap's genre system and critical discourse to his own advantage. Omaha World Herald, sec. . "96"CD Reviews: Hip-Hop," The Irish Times, 15; Baca, "Bring In Da Crunk." "3Sara Cohen, "Sounding out the City: Music and the Sensuous Production of Place" in The Place of Music, eds. We hope you liked our selection, and see you in Milan, brands crawling! With releases by the group and protgs like Project Pat, Three 6 Mafia came to be the most successful Memphis rap enterprise during this decade. They got us pigeonholed. . Which is where most pop music aims anyway, though Southern artists tend to be more upfront about it. "Rap's Dirty South: From Subculture to Pop Culture." ", Michael Perlstein, "Fighting Back." Slip N Slide, 2000. In a similar manner to 'West Coast' (L.A.-based) 'gangsta' rap, which rose to prominence in the late 1980s, the emergence of the Dirty South involved a combination of participation by previously marginalized participants as well as a shift in stylistic and conceptual conventions. Connect your Spotify account to your Last.fm account and scrobble everything you listen to, from any Spotify app on any device or platform. Milan has been the worlds fashion capital since the 16th century, as Italians love emphasizing their classy look, having choices for the best look and the thriving fashion industry is continuously rising. Releases by MC Thick and Bust Down (originally on local labels Alliv and Disotell) were picked up by majors for national distribution in the early 1990s. "9Ibid., xvii. Sample from S.W.A., "We #1," Kwik Burn Records, 2002. While some critics lauded the "complex, smart Southern production work" behind crunk, others found the music "vulgar, gnarly, bass-heavy," "joyless and bleak" with "rough, distorted basslines" similar to "gothic dirges. Thoughts of a Predicate Felon is the debut studio album by American rapper Tony Yayo. . The group's exposure to the national market depended upon the intervention of New York-based producer Rick Rubin, who signed the Geto Boys to his Def American label and produced a hard-hitting album of sample-driven material (understandably consistent with the dominant New York aesthetic) to support the group's gangsta rap lyrics. "48Carlton Wade, "Three 6 Mafia: Mark of the Beats," The Source 168 (September 2003): 166. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_48', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_48').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); While Juicy J's comments call into question some of the glib assertions about the South made earlier in the issue, The Source's article on Three 6 Mafia reveals the persistance of another kind of place-based essentialism related to an organic paradigm of reflection with regard to the relationship of music and place. It is a brand that highlights Italian craftsmanship and makes the made-in-Italy tag visible around the world, spreading the work of Italian artisans. Also, he contrasts the deepest meanings of the collections, choosing the color combination, adding nature vibes, and using fabrics of all-natural origins. During the late 1990s, preferences of national rap audiences became more closely aligned with those of audiences in the major urban centers, black suburbs, and even small towns across the South. One or two key individuals can steer a city's rap scene in a particular direction, structurally and/or stylistically. Many of the rappers to emerge from Memphis have been tied to South Memphis and the Orange Mound neighborhood, the city's oldest African American community. Explore Suave House Records's discography including top tracks, albums, and reviews. On Top of the World is the third studio album by American hip hop duo Eightball & MJG. "38Roni Sarig, "Dungeon Family Tree," Creative Loafing (Atlanta), Sept. 18-24, 2003. The Dirty South's potential to exploit "pollution's charismatic properties, its capacity to carry the [listener] toward the limits of the local, to experiment with emancipation" relates centrally to the concept's enthusiastic reception in rap and beyond.126Ibid., 265, 271. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_126', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_126').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); The instability of the Dirty South imaginary rests uneasily upon its own success. The camera pulls back to reveal that her chalk drawing is of a large rebel flag. thinking this is just rap."47Ibid. The perception of crunk artists and their antecedents like 2 Live Crew as representing a nadir of vulgarity and depravity speaks to the ways in which class affiliations (and related racial formations) affect our understanding of what is "crude" or "vulgar" not to mention the taken-for-granted assumption of vulgarity for any expression related to sex, desire, or eroticism generally. He soon became a brand, enchanting with playful nature-alike collections. Explore. On one hand, southern and northern blacks found common ground in an intense dislike for any sort of nostalgic or sanitized representations of the eras of slavery and segregation. Juvenile's hit song brought a local New Orleans flavor to national audiences. "8Murray Forman, The 'Hood Comes First: Race, Space and Place in Rap and Hip-Hop (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2002), 179. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_8', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_8').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); Did West Coast artists and audiences initiate this change? tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_32', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_32').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); Houston Audio Samples (Warning: Some of these audio samples contain explicit content.). Memphis-based Select-O-Hits, a distributor with roots stretching back to the 1970s, handled many of these releases regionally, and the company continued to be an important resource in later years. Over the course of the next few years of multiple solo and collaborative albums and constant production work, the inventive and eclectic Timbaland became one of the top producers in rap, R&B and pop. You can also check out our list of the best fashion brands in Rome, best Italian perfumes, shoe brands, lingerie, and swimwear made in Italy. . One commentator who supported her argument with many songs and videos by Miami- and Atlanta-based groups observed, "there remains a thin line between sex and sexism, and what's troubling, judging from the videos, is that the women in these clips don't have any clearer a sense of the difference than the men holding the mikes. The Memphis rap scene began to take off in the early 1990s, when a local dance craze began based around samples from the 1986 song "Drag Rap" by the New York group The Show Boys (also highly influential in New Orleans). Rocky Mountain News, sec. Recording sessions took place at House Of Blues in Memphis, at Hippie House Studios in Houston, and at Pacifique Studios in North Hollywood. Last Man Standing is the third studio album by American rapper MC Eiht, and his first solo album outside the Compton's Most Wanted brand. Trick Daddy is one of the more recent Miami rappers to rise to national prominence. The album peaked at number 70 on the Billboard 200 and number 17 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. In 2000 they changed their label's name to Hypnotize Minds. Artists including Lil Jon, The Ying Yang Twins, Juvenile, Trina, Trick Daddy, and David Banner benefited from the creative work of earlier rappers who made more literal and direct reference to southern signifiers. Jon then describes the plotline for the video produced to promote the 2002 song "I Don't Give a F---," in which the artist and his rather nondescript and burly sidemen "aren't on the guest list" and eventually "rush the VIP [the most exclusive section of the club]", demonstrating, to some degree, a resistance to the glorification of wealth and status that has often characterized rap culture.90Celeste Fraser Delgado, "Crunk Candy: On Location with Lil Jon, Trick, Hootchies, and Director Mamas," Miami New Times, June 23, 2003. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_90', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_90').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); The association of crunk with the lower social orders mirrors its association with the lower regions of the body or with previous stages in human evolution. An analysis of the "Dirty South" music video in light of statements by group members reveals how the production engaged, and was informed by, the outcry over official displays of the rebel flag and debates about the flag's meaning. If you want to dress like an Italian woman, you must have one high fashion piece from Italy. The 2004 song ''Still Tippin','' by Mike Jones with Slim Thug and Paul Wall, featured elements drawn from or insired by the screw style and represented a breakthrough for national awareness of the Houston subgenre. 2 (2004). Many of the major fashion brands from Italy come from Milan or are based in Milan. You can see it through the mix that you find in every collection. Sometimes appearing as a geographical referent, at other times the Dirty South described a genre of music. Black Masculinity and the U.S. South: From Uncle Tom to Gangsta. Enigma is the second solo studio album by American rapper Keith Murray. "All of it," says Pitbull, "is African-based. as a "crunkster," when his style of composition and performance falls well outside the parameters of the genre as it has taken form.95Silvio Pietroluongo, Minal Patel and Wade Jessen, "Singles Minded; Country and Crunk among Year's Top Hitmakers," Billboard 116:52/117:1 (December 25, 2004/January 1, 2005): 70. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_95', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_95').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true });Another reviewer writes that crunk was "made and minted in the US Dirty South, in new hip-hop strongholds from Atlanta to Houston," ignoring the fact that, with a couple of notable exceptions, "most of these cats grew up in the same Atlanta neighborhood. In early 1992, Arrested Development was the first group associated with Atlanta to attract the attention of national audiences and critics. when rap was being created," Luther Campbell observed, "We DJ'ed differently down here." Spatial imaginaries arise, already connected with material concerns and economic struggles. . The stylish and luxurious Prada has been created a long time ago, having clients from all around Europe even in its first years. Sample from Lil' Flip, "Game Over," Sony, 2004. Sites: thereal8ballandmjg.com, Facebook, Wikipedia, allmusic.com Members: Marlon Goodwin, Premro Smith Variations: Third Coast: OutKast, Timbaland, and How Hip-Hop Became a Southern Thing. Suave House Records, better known as The Legendary Suave House, is a record label located in Houston, Texas founded by Tony Draper. Club DJs/producers like Kizzy Rock and DJ Smurf began to cement the city's reputation as a source for uptempo dance music that could hold its own against Miami Bass. or Ice-T led to a steady progression of more pop-oriented rappers who exchanged authenticity for access to wider audiences, as in the case of MC Hammer, Tone Loc, or Young MC. Lil Jon and other crunk artists like the Ying Yang Twins have forged close ties with strip-club-culture and have not hesitated to make the eroticized, objectified female body (or parts thereof) central subjects of their expressions. People go to church to find the Holy Ghost. From its beginnings in New York's neighborhoods, rap spread first to other large cities in the northeast, then jumped across the continent to southern California, for reasons that had much more to do with the preexisting structure of the music industry than with any sort of monopoly on talent held by the California-based rappers and producers who entered the national rap market in the late 1980s. A shift in imagining the geography of rap opens possibilities to new participants. The city's highly-developed traditions of expressive culture represented by Mardi Gras Indians, brass bands, and "second line" parades provide analogues to the emerging rap scene in terms of the intensity of creative engagement and the strong sense of competition driving the efforts of rival groups or factions. (Accessed electronically through LexisNexis Academic on 13 April 13, 2007.) Several of these artists recorded for local independent On The Strength. "64Chris Riemenschneider, "Drive South." Allmusic.com also features an entry for "Southern Rap," offering an overview of the most successful artists from the South with no attempt at thematic or stylistic unification. How, for instance, to interpret Ludacris' 2005 appearance on the Vibe Hip-Hop awards in a leather suit with rebel flag motif, a suit he discarded at the end of his performance for one in African nationalist colors red, black, and green?114Mosi Reeves, "Luda Disturbing tha State," Creative Loafing Atlanta, December 7, 2005. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_114', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_114').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); Acknowledging the imbrication of much southern rap music within the corporate structures and values of the music industry, how much change or consciousness raising is possible from the most self-consciously political displays of destruction and violation of the rebel flag? In the summer of 1993 is when I first discovered them when they dropped 8Ball & MJG's debut album. On the website allmusic.com in 2008, the Dirty-South-as-genre appeared as "a stoned, violent, sex-obsessed and (naturally) profane brand of modern hip-hop," the anonymous writer asserting that OutKast and Goodie Mob "were the best the genre had to offer, since both their music and their lyrics were much sharper than such contemporaries as the No Limit posse." "Where Dey At" took New Orleans by storm, selling hundreds of copies and receiving play on local rap radio. Elements from Houston's "screw" style have influenced other rap being produced there, as in this track by Michael "5000" Watts featuring Archie Lee. "80Loza, "Pitbull." The "southern turn" in rap music involved, in addition to a complex and highly strategic play of identities, stereotypes, and imagery, a rearrangement of values within the music. While establishing a place-based identity can prove profitable for artists and labels, there are less desirable consequences, often in the form of expectations of an intrinsic and monolithic relationship between performer and place that excludes as many artists as it empowers. Over the course of the next few years of multiple solo and collaborative albums and constant production work, the inventive and eclectic Timbaland became one of the top producers in rap, R&B and pop. Rap has put places on the map like the South Bronx or Compton that the mass media either ignored or portrayed as dangerous and hopelessly blighted. Virginia Beach deserves note for its failure to conform. Niels Jansen, "Totally Unofficial Rap-Dictionary (Bi-weekly Posting, part 1/2)," Rec.Music.Hip-Hop Usenet Newsgroup, December 1, 1995; Prolifik, "This Is Driving Me Krunk." "Dirty South" is also used as a geographical referent, "a term for the South minus any states whose Southern character is debatable." Crunk quickly became esconced within corporate networks, but, like punk rock, it resisted complete co-optation. Yaeger frames the South as "a region where race has been at the heart of aesthetic practice," while "southern literature probes or reflects an abyss between white and black ways of knowing." Chanted phrases which often unfolded in basic melodic patterns formed part of the polyrhythmic layering of the music along with elements such as handclaps and highly-inflected bass drum patterns similar to those in second line parades. The "grotesque physical body," write Stallybrass and White, is "not simply a powerful image but fundamentally constitutive of the categorical sets through which we live and make sense of the world. Rec.Music.Hip-Hop Usenet Newsgroup, October 7, 1998. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_67', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_67').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); In Rolling Stone, a 1999 "glossary of Dirty South slang" defined Get Crunk as "get excited. The genre was pioneered and named after DJ Screw, whose homemade "screw tapes" presented a technological reworking of rap songs which involved playing the song at half-speed (producing extra-deep bass and percussion and groaning vocals) and repeating small portions of the song in a technique called "chopping." The pursuit of local musical preferences in Miami, Houston, Atlanta, New Orleans, Memphis, and Virginia Beach outpaced the majors' ability to track, exploit, and profit from these emerging markets a lag due as much to "broader culture formations and practices that are within neither the control nor the understanding" of the major music corporations as to the limitations of technology or corporate strategy.14Keith Negus, Music Genres and Corporate Cultures (New York: Routledge, 1999), 19. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_14', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_14').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); Because of their cultural and geographic distance from emergent rap scenes in cities such as Atlanta and New Orleans, major music corporations left these local or regional markets to independent entrepreneurs until their profitability was beyond dispute. Lyrically, crunk often derives its creative energy from imagining and describing violent conflicts or confrontations between groups in an "us against them" context. One of Houston's top rap acts moved to the city from Memphis in the early 1990s along with their record label. Atlanta's status as the Dirty South's capital rests upon two interrelated features: its status as a growing population center and symbolic "mecca" for African Americans, and its role as the economic and transportation hub of the Southeast. Italian street style, for everyday feelings and settings and promising colors, and texture makes The Attico have its visionary aesthetic. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_82', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_82').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); Often dismissed as meaningless or, at best, functional "inane party chants," crunk lyrics vary widely in complexity and meaning.83Baca, "Bring In Da Crunk." Members of the label's roster continued to defect, however, until Lil' Wayne represented the only Cash Money artist receiving national attention. In a description contrasting the action in one of his music videos with a "normal video," Lil Jon states: "No mansions. Until the late 1980s, when Los Angeles emerged as an up-and-coming center for rap music production, New York had enjoyed an exclusive claim on the genre. Local independents like Cash Money, Parkway Pumpin', and Pack supplied the growing demand with releases by Juvenile, Lil Slim, Magnolia Slim, Pimp Daddy, Everlasting Hitman, Silky Slim, Cheeky Blakk, and dozens of others. "119Peter Stallybrass and Allon White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (London: Methuen, 1986), 23. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_119', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_119').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); While crunk's representation of the body is particular and strongly tied to previous expressions within rap, its "fundamentally constitutive" role lends itself to Patricia Yaeger's observations about southern women's fiction in Dirt and Desire.120Richardson, Black Masculinity and the U.S. South, 215. tippy('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1518_1_120', { content: jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1518_1_120').html(), placement: 'bottom', theme: 'sosp', arrow: false, allowHTML: true }); Like the writers Yaeger considers, crunk artists often portray "irregular models of the body, . LaFace's most prominent success story and the rap group which has become most closely associated with Atlanta OutKast was, in many ways, atypical of the Atlanta club music scene that prevailed in the mid-1990s. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, artists like Bust Down and the rapper/DJ team Gregory D. and Mannie Fresh recorded and released records on local labels, but forged connections with independents in other cities (Dallas and Miami, respectively) in order to expand their careers. As the video comes to a close, it dramatically problematizes the clichd innocence of the white girl. Recording sessions took place at Mirror Image Recordings in Long Island.
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