For an individual, on average, engaging with Facebook decreases their mental health by roughly 22% of the effect of losing one's job, as reported by a previous meta-analysis, Makarin and his team found. 53, 635639. 43, 308312. Allied Sci. Citation2020; Yu et al. Introduction: Assessing the social and political impact of the internet and new social media in Asia. Intrinsic Motivation as a Mediator. Technol. WXSK22-GH-13). Soc. For another, Tang et al. April 25, 2023 7:20 a.m. For years, the research picture on how social media affects teen mental health has been murky. Dumitrache et al. Researchers believe that with the rapid growth of social media usage, cyberbullying has been increased, which results in severe psychological problems among the victims (Donoghue and Meltzer 2018; Olenik-Shemesh and Heiman 2017 ). Researchers for instance, Bolkan (Citation2015); Reeve (Citation2012); Saeed and Zyngier (Citation2012) have theorised an affirmative association among intrinsic motivation and academic performance of students. J. Psychol. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Laura Tierney. The intrinsic motivation of our students was measured with a four-item scale developed by Jaramillo et al. Inform. The findings showed a mediating role of insomnia on the significant correlation between depression and addiction to social media. (2020) provided a systematic review of the effect of social media on young and teenage students depression, psychological distress, and anxiety. Int. Furthermore, the perceived social support of the social media was found to mediate this association. Particularly testing in an individualistic culture will be of great interest. Another investigation was focused on secondary school students in China conducted by Li et al. For further insights into this issue, some other suggested works of research include Chang (2012), Sriwilai and Charoensukmongkol (2016), and Zareen et al. o 98 - 100 o 95 - 97 o 90 - 94 o 86 and Below We tested our hypotheses utilising SPSS PROCESS macros. According to the recent study in 2020, there are 3.5 billion active social media users worldwide which are about 45 percent of the total population. Getting Vygotskian about theory of mind: Mediation, dialogue, and the development of social understanding. The use of social media is incomparably on the rise among students, influenced by the globalized forms of communication and the post-pandemic rush to use multiple social media platforms for education in different fields of study. The Impact of Social Media on the Academic Performance of Senior High School Students in First City Providential College Full Name (LNAME, FNAME, MNAME) Year and Section __________________ Gender o Male o Female o Other How old are you? (2017) explored the associations between the use of social media by adolescents and their psychosocial adjustment. For instance, some external stimuli might provoke negative emotions such as anxiety and depression in learners. Hanprathet, N., Manwong, M., Khumsri, J., Yingyeun, R., and Phanasathit, M. (2015). The . Regarding the affordances of social media for learners, they can take advantage of the potential affordances of these media such as improving their literacy, broadening their communication skills, or enhancing their distance learning opportunities. Jahnke, Haertel, and Wildt (Citation2017), are of the view that creativity in the students of higher education has become more relevant in the twenty-first century. doi: 10.1002/smi.2637. Social media has both, positive and negative effects. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1188702, Virden, A., Trujillo, A., and Predeger, E. (2014). Thailand 98, S81S90. Probably, in future, further studies of the psychological complexities of students at higher education and a better knowledge of their needs can pave the way for making more insightful conclusions about the effects of social media on their affective states. Relationship between internet use and depression: Focus on physiological mood oscillations, social networking and online addictive behavior. Face it, dont Facebook it: Impacts of social media addiction on mindfulness, coping strategies and the consequence on emotional exhaustion. A six-items scale from the studies of Zhang and Bartol (Citation2010) and Meng, Tan, and Li (Citation2017) was used for measuring student creativity in our research. doi: 10.5430/ijhe.v9n2p239, Keles, B., McCrae, N., and Grealish, A. The findings showed that the types and frequency of using social media and the students perceived mental health were significantly correlated with each other. This study showed significant associations between depression and the number of identity-related information pieces shared on this social network. Researchers believe that the exchange of knowledge and networking is the reason why the use of social media enhances individuals creativity and innovation. An increasing number of educational institutions are using social media for promotional reasons. At the same time, social media platforms allow students to connect, network, and communicate. Results indicate that CR and CA of all the constructs were higher than the threshold value of 0.70, and AVE values were higher than the threshold value of 0.50 as recommended by past studies (Fornell and Larcker Citation1981; Hair et al. Six Questions Could Test For Social Media Addiction Increased social media use linked to developing depression, research finds Six simple screening questions can test for social media addiction, according to James Roberts, PhD, a marketing professor at Baylor Universitys Hankamer School of Business. A systematic review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. Zareen, N., Karim, N., and Khan, U. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2007.03.001, Festinger, L. (1954). More specifically, given the stative approach to learners emotions, what learners emotionally experience in their application of social media can be bound to their intra-personal and interpersonal experiences. Part ii consists of 15 questions that sought to investigate the influence of social media on social behavior. Media and Meaning Rachel Wagner This course will invite students to think deliberately about the media we consume, create, and encounter. Thus, teachers can try to make students aware of the potential hazards of investing too much of their time on following pages or people that publish false and misleading information about their personal or social identities. The data were collected with the help of a questionnaire designed for gathering the students' opinions about the digital technologies and social media. Thus, it is necessary to know how the growing usage of social networks is associated with students affective health on different aspects. This disscussion lead us to understand that social media usage by the students is definitely linked with the students creativity. This is a very critical finding of our study, which gets the attention of students, academicians, parents, and governments who should come up with ways to mitigate the negative impact of cyberbullying happening on the academic purpose of social media platforms. learning environment for students. (2017). In other words, the potential positive and negative effects of popular social media like Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter, etc., on students affective conditions can differ across different educational settings in different host countries. Thus, a higher intrinsic motivation is not only associated with the engagement of students and the creativity, but the previous finding have shown the relationship between students intrinsic motivation and many other positive outcomes such as students achievements (Griffin Citation2016) and students success (Augustyniak et al. Citation2016). Future scholars can find alternative explanations for this relationship. The kind of groupings formed for instructional purposes, for example, in social media can be done with greater care by teachers to make sure that the members of the groups are homogeneous and the tasks and activities shared in the groups are quite relevant and realistic. (2016). Citation2020) in academia. To examine the discriminant validity, we followed the procedure recommended by Fornell and Larcker (Citation1981). Compu. To analyse the conditional indirect effects of students use of social media on student engagement and student creativity through students intrinsic motivation, we examined Cyberbullying across the levels (i.e. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118410, Yan, H., Zhang, R., Oniffrey, T. M., Chen, G., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., et al. As already raised in some works of research reviewed, the different patterns of impacts of social media on student life depend largely on the educational context. The higher education population was also studied by Iwamoto and Chun (2020). The most salient risk factors of psychological distress, anxiety, and depression based on the systematic review were activities such as repeated checking for messages, personal investment, the time spent on social media, and problematic or addictive use. Usage of social media by students may motivate them in several ways, for instance, by showing examples of other high achieving students, by providing facilities in terms of easily available study material, and by connecting them with other students working in the same field. For example, someone might be passively using a social media sphere, and s/he may finally find him/herself with a changed mood depending on the nature of the content faced. This means that the same learner at different time points might go through different emotions Also, learners emotional states as a result of their engagement in social media cannot be necessarily generalized to all learners in a class. To measure the usage of social media by our respondents, we used a 14-items scale developed by Ali-Hassan, Nevo, and Wade (Citation2015). 3 Participants were requested to rank 13 factors, including technology and social media, on how they perceive their impact on mental health. In the mind of the beholder: The interpretation comparison model of accessibility effects, in Assimilation and Contrast in Social Psychology, eds D. A. Stapel and J. Suls (London: Psychology Press), 143164. In the case of the latter, learners might develop unrealistic expectations of themselves by comparing themselves to others. Certainly, the educational space in todays world cannot do without the social media, which has turned into an integral part of everybodys life. Social media represents a virtual simulation of everyday life and this means that you can gather useful information about human behavior by observing interactions as they occur on these channels. 75, 527537. Citation2020) and student innovation and creativity (Kinga et al. 55, 515. Finally, as we conducted our study in a single country (a collectivistic culture), testing of our model in other contexts, countries, and cultures can generate different findings. Many studies such as [2, 3, 4] have questioned the impact of social media usage on the academic performance of students in other countries such as USA, Nigeria and Pakistan.In fact, in Saudi Arabia, it exists some researches that examine the impact of social media usage on students' academic performance like [5, 6] but the particularity Rev. Citation2020; Rauniar et al. Individ. Pers. There is a significant dearth of longitudinal investigation on the effect of social media on developing positive or negative emotions in students. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. doi: 10.1007/s10826-017-0872-8. Communicating information from the school to parents. Front. J. For example, their employment-seeking spirits might lead them to create accounts in many social networks, hoping for a better future. Gender Behav. Citation2020) and engagement (Junco Citation2012). If these are incorporated within mixed-approach works of research, more comprehensive and better insightful findings can be expected to emerge. 15, 99669981. 34, 153171. Citation2020; Tan et al. Mathewson (2020) attributed these divergent positive and negative effects to the different theoretical frameworks adopted in different studies and also the different contexts (different countries with whole different educational systems). Individ. Results reported in Table 4 reveal that the usage of social media by students is positively associated with students intrinsic motivation (B=0.036, t=4.72, and p<0.001), students creativity (B=0.13, t=2.11, and p<0.05), and students engagement in academia (B=0.14, t=2.25, and p<0.05), supporting our hypotheses H1a and H1b. A Theory of social comparison processes. Distinctiveness of others, mutability of selves: Their impact on self-evaluations. Intrinsic Motivation and Autonomy in Childrens Artmaking, Getting the job Done: The Moderating Role of Initiative on the Relationship Between Intrinsic Motivation and Adaptive Selling, The Relationship Between Frequency of Facebook use, Participation in Facebook Activities, and Student Engagement, Engaging Consumers and Building Relationships in Social Media: How Social Relatedness Influences Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Consumer Motivation, Creativity and Personality Profiles of Adolescents Based on Cyberbullying Roles-Pilot Study, An Empirical Study of the Relationship Between Social Networking Sites and Students Engagement in Higher Education, Cyberbullying among College Students with Disabilities, What Student Affairs Professionals Need to Know About Student Engagement, The Impact of Teasing and Bullying on Schoolwide Academic Performance, Crisis Communication, Learning and Responding: Best Practices in Social Media, Why do Adults Engage in Cyberbullying on Social Media? Though teacher psychology has only recently been considered for research, the literature has provided profound insights into teachers developing stress, motivation, self-esteem, and many other emotions. Drawing on the assumptions of this theory, we believe that students interest in educational activities can be enhanced through the utilisation of social media, which will create more engagement and creativity of students. This study discusses how social media helps students of higher education. This study was sponsored by the Key Project of Party Building and Ideological and Political Education Research of Nanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsResearch on the Guidance and Countermeasures of Network Public Opinion in Colleges and Universities in the Modern Times (Grant No. Recent research reveals that the social media usage has been rapidly increased in higher education. These results validate the moderating role of Cyberbullying on the association between usage of social media usage by students and students intrinsic motivation. In our model, we take student use of social media as a factor that boosts student intrinsic motivation to learn, therefore, facilitating his/her engagement and creativity. Highlighting cyberbullying as phenomena which can harm the relationship between usage of social media by students and its positive academic outcomes, our study has thus contributed substantially to the literature on social media usage and cyberbullying. . (Citation2020), identified that the utilisation of social media is connected positively with the intrinsic motivation of students which further leads to higher academic performance. Psychol. For establishing the convergent validity of our model, we examined composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE), and Cronbach alpha (CA), of all the constructs. Gen Z respondents from Europe and Oceania were most likely to report negative impacts from social media, and respondents from Asia were least likely (32 percent and 19 percent, respectively). Then, this good or bad mood is easily shared with others in a flash through the social media. Environmental factors can hinder or facilitate students creativity. Raising learners awareness of this fact that individuals should develop their own path of development for learning, and not build their development based on unrealistic comparison of their competences with those of others, can help them consider positive values for their activities on social media and, thus, experience positive emotions. This study was purported to assess the impact of social media on student academic life. Depressed adolescents positive and negative use of social media. The teachers role as well as the curriculum developers role are becoming more important than ever, as they can significantly help to moderate the adverse effects of the pervasive social media use on students mental and emotional health. We're currently hiring for post of social media marketer. Creativity and innovation are considered to be important instruments for scientific progress. Differ. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218, Frison, E., and Eggermont, S. (2016). In the same year, Yan et al. Cyberbullying is harmful for every segment of individuals, but it is particularly critical for students as they are mostly young and become and easy victims of bullying on the internet (W. M. Al-Rahmi et al. Students should be careful of bullies and their negative role and impact during academic activities in social media. Our results are in line with student involvement theory (Astin Citation1984) and recent research, which has shown an association among social media utilisation by the students and its positive consequences, such as student creativity and academic performance (Malik et al. Students can be taught to develop self-appreciation and self-care while continuing to use the media to their benefit. Differ. Another important finding of our research is to identify a boundary condition role of cyberbullying. Of the total 267 participants, 56.92% were female students, 57.30% were in the age group of 2125 years, and 52.44% were graduate students Table 1. In addition, we investigate cyberbullying as phenomena which play the boundary condition role on the association between student use of social media and its positive outcomes. Research studies argue that cyberbullying negatively affects individuals outcomes (Kowalski et al. This study applied quantitative research methodology using a questionnaire to determine the. Citation2016; Skinner and Chi Citation2012). Hassandra, Goudas, and Chroni (Citation2003), believe that the social factors such as media may enhance intrinsic motivation. This uncontrolled and unrealistic content may give them a false image of life events and can threaten their mental and emotional health. At higher education, students needs are more life-like. Student Involvement: A Developmental Theory for Higher Education, Intrinsic Motivation: an Overlooked Component for Student Success, Parental Influences on Achievement Motivation and Student Engagement, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_15, Intellectually Stimulating Students Intrinsic Motivation: The Mediating Influence of Affective Learning and Student Engagement, Cyberbullying and Social Media: Information and Interventions for School Nurses Working with Victims, Students, and Families, Use of Blogs in pre-Service Teacher Education to Improve Student Engagement, Cyberbullying, Psychological Distress and Self-Esteem among Youth in Quebec Schools, Personal and Environmental Factors Affecting Teachers Creativity-Fostering Practices in Hong Kong, Engaging Online Learners: The Impact of Web-Based Learning Technology on College Student Engagement, If It's About Me, Why Do It Without Me? The social-media is considered an excellent tool of learning in this modern age (W. M. Al-Rahmi et al. There are severe consequences of cyberbullying, which vary from psychological disorders to suicides (Cnat et al. The authors distributed online survey links to the target population through WeChat/email. For years, the research picture on how social media affects teen mental health has been murky. Sampasa-Kanyinga and Lewis (2015) examined the relationship between social media use and psychological distress. Citation2020; Sugimoto et al. Social involvement theory (Astin Citation1984) supports our assumption as this theory suggests that there are social factors that increase the involvement of individuals in their work by increasing their interest in that work. (Citation2017); Malik et al. 7, 117140. Psychol. J. Average. Hanprathet et al. Psychol. doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2013.830335, Tsitsika, A. K., Tzavela, E. C., Janikian, M., lafsson, K., Iordache, A., Schoenmakers, T. M., et al. Researchers believe that when individuals find interest in their work, they become self-motivated and perform better (Menges et al. This study shows that in these modern times, social media enhances the students motivation, which is subsequently associated with their engagement and creativity in academia. As for the positive correlation found in many studies between the use of social media and such negative effects as anxiety, depression, and stress, it can be hypothesized that this correlation is induced by the continuous comparison the individual makes and the perception that others are doing better than him/her influenced by the posts that appear on social media. Wagner (Citation2014), is of the view that student creativity should be promoted for the reason that creative students think out of the box and present novel solutions to the problems. 2020, 74, 304-319. Yet, it seems that the latter is pre-dominant. Research reveals that cyberbullying resulted in social media targeting the students using social media for academic purposes may decrease their intrinsic motivation (Goodboy, Martin, and Goldman Citation2016). Garca-Garca, Chulvi, and Royo (Citation2017), suggest that learning enhances individuals creativity. Stress Health 32, 427434. Psychol. This study suggests that educational institutions, teachers, students, and parents should realise the positive application of social media in academia and should encourage the students to utilise the platforms of social media, say Researchgate, Scribd, Linkedin, Academia.edu, etc. Figure 2 reveals that the relationship between students use of social media and students intrinsic motivation is weaker at the higher level of Cyberbullying. Am. Note: Loadings:= Factor Loading, CA=Cronbachs alpha; CR=composite reliability; AVE=average variance extracted. This stress-provoking effect of social media has been also pinpointed by Weng and Menczer (2015), who contended that social media becomes a main source of stress because people often share all kinds of posts, comments, and stories ranging from politics and economics, to personal and social affairs. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Charoensukmongkol (2018) reckoned that the mental health and well-being of the global population can be at a great risk through the uncontrolled massive use of social media. Citation2020). Rafferty and Vander Ven (Citation2014, 364), described cyberbullying as repeated unwanted, hurtful, harassing, and or threatening interaction through electronic communication media. For example, we identify whether the utilisation of social media is linked to outcomes, such as student academic engagement and student creativity. J. Clin. Though most of these studies were correlational, and correlation is not the same as causation, as the studies show that the number of participants experiencing these negative emotions under the influence of social media is significantly high, more extensive research is highly suggested to explore causal effects (Mathewson, 2020). Figure 2. 9, 108112. Therefore, we hypothesised that; H3a: Cyberbullying moderates the relationship between student use of social media and their intrinsic motivation., H3b: The is a moderating role of cyberbullying on the association between students use of social media and academic engagement through intrinsic motivation, H3b: The is a moderating role of cyberbullying on the association between students use of social media and student creativity through intrinsic motivation. Cyberbullying is a recent concept that has gained a lot of popularity among scholars of information systems. 13:1010766. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010766. Findings reveal that social media use by the students is positively related to their creativity and academic engagement through intrinsic motivation while cyberbullying plays a boundary condition role on these relationships such that the direct and indirect relationships are weak when cyberbullying is higher. Therefore, we found it useful to summarize the research findings in recent years in this respect. In the recent era, the utilisation of social media platforms in human life has increased rapidly (Anser et al. ODea, B., and Campbell, A. Third, extending our research to examine a comprehensive model on the usage of social media of students, we are investigating cyberbullying as a boundary condition. Also in China, Wang et al. Social Media have many serious problems and lead to significant issues for students, especially regarding their privacy or security, and cause distraction of studies. As already suggested, counseling programs might help with raising students awareness of the potential psychological threats of social media to their health. Social media has a negative impact on the academic performance of 21st-century undergraduate medical students. On an individual level, social media is used by students for personal and social use; some researchers question whether implementing social media in academic course will serve as a supplement to learning or will create a structural shift in the way students learn (Tess, 2013). J. Students intrinsic motivation in academia is an important factor which helps them to be academically engaged and creative. 79, 10681087. at 1 SD above the mean, and at 1 SD below the mean). Communicating information from the school to parents. Also, these mixed positive and negative effects are similar to the findings of several other relevant studies on general populations psychological and emotional health. Several other studies have already advocated for the positive impact of technology and social media on the student engagement (Cakir Citation2013; Chen, Lambert, and Guidry Citation2010; Schindler et al. In other words, when social media sources become stress-inducing, there are high chances that anxiety and depression also develop. The study is conducted using self designed interview schedule on 100 students of class IX and X from annually flood affected regions of Baksa district. Exemplary works of research on these affective variables are reviewed here. It can be expected that more longitudinal studies in future can show how the continuous use of social media can affect the fluctuations of any of these affective variables during the different academic courses students pass at school or university. Citation2016; Whittaker and Kowalski Citation2015). Our study found that student use of social media is positively related with students intrinsic motivation which is subsequently related to students engagement and students creativity in academia. It is conjectured that the ubiquitous role of social media in student life establishes unrealistic expectations and promotes continuous comparison as also pinpointed in the Interpretation Comparison Model (Stapel and Koomen, 2000; Stapel, 2007). Cyberpsychol. This study was sponsored by Wuxi Philosophy and Social Sciences bidding projectSpecial Project for Safeguarding the Rights and Interests of Workers in the New Form of Employment (Grant No. Digital Marketer needed Ended. Educators may more often be mesmerized by the promises of technology-, computer- and mobile-assisted learning. Sci. Table 1. A. Citation2016; Nunnally and Bernstein Citation1978). All information that is gathered will be utilized for the purposes of this study and will be anonymous and kept confidential. Citation2014). Neira, B. C. J., and Barber, B. L. (2014). Their main reasons for using social media might be different from school students as well, which need to be investigated more thoroughly. Social Media Questions for Students. Results reported in our Table 2 reveal that the item loading are higher than the threshold value of 0.60 as recommended by Hair et al. Though social media has created tremendous chances for sharing ideas and emotions, the kind of social support it provides might fail to meet students' emotional . They found that depression acted as the most frequent affective variable measured. At The Social Institute, we believe most students are ahead of the curve when it comes to social media and technology. (Olivier Douliery /AFP via . The findings of this study shed insight on how students use on-line social networking sites, the time spent and the kind of information sought. Traditional research methods with single-shot designs for data collection fail to capture the nuances of changes in these affective variables. Asia 43, 579590. This questionnaire comprised two parts; part I focused on personal data of the participants. Radovic, A., Gmelin, T., Stein, B. D., and Miller, E. (2017). Before getting down to the effects of social media on students emotional well-being, some exemplary works of research in recent years on the topic among general populations are reviewed. Social media is being used for a variety of purposes, including messaging, emailing, knowledge sharing, chatting, advertising, buying and selling, booking of airlines and hotels, and studying. This consistent use of social media is not expected to leave students psychological, affective and emotional states untouched.
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