regional, state, or local governments). For the Free Response section of the AP Human Geography exam, we have included an example from the 2005 AP Human Geography Exam. Which has long been seen by opponents as the "favored" region in Nigeria, dating back to colonialism? Obviously lost in population, and breaking up of families. Factors such as the presence of strong regional or local political parties or movements, the level of support for devolution among the public, and the willingness of the central government to cede power can all shape the devolutionary process. Examples of devolution include systems in place in Canada, Spain, Belgium, the UK, and Nigeria. Violet is tired of living by her parents' rules because she has different needs and interests. It can also lead to the fragmentation of the state and the weakening of national identity. Fig. Nation-states describe a state comprised of a population with over 90 percent of a particular culture. Sometimes, these boundaries change suddenly because of armed conflict or states change gradually through the process of devolution. The Fulani waged jihad (religious wars) across West Africa for centuries, culminating in the wars of Usman dan Fodio against Hausa states and then what was left of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, establishing the large and powerful Sokoto Caliphate in 1804. Nationalism and decolonization are important factors to view when considering reasons why a region under a central government would want to devolve and become more autonomous. During the Victorian Era, England was constantly invading and controlling their neighboring countries. Physical geography can cause isolation due to natural features. As with any colonial regime, tactics of divide and conquer ended up pitting ethnic nations against each other, a recipe for disaster for an independent Nigeria. Updates? With a federalist government, the power granted to local regions is guaranteed by the constitution, so it cannot be revoked. Winning the vote, a Scottish Parliament and Welsh National Assembly were established in those countries. A major achievement has been increasing self-determination and local rule (there are 774 local government areas) with freedoms constitutionally guaranteed at all levels. Failed examples included Sudan, the USSR, and Yugoslavia. and possible pandemicsin such an age we are faced with the strange centrifugal force of devolution as many people lose faith in centralized authorities to solve their problems. See how scores on each section impacts your overall SAT score, See how scores on each section impacts your overall ACT score. Indeed, devolution hasn't stifled the growth of these independent identities. However, it can also be seen as a way to recognize and respect the diversity of a country and to give more control to regional or local authorities. 2: Biafra map (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg) by Eric Gaba (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Sting) licensed by CC BY-S.A 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en), Fig. Devolution in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom, is a great example of devolution due to heritage. Spatial Association of Culture Regions: Definition, Distinctions & Influences. The theory that the political state was a living organism was used by Germany to expand and occupy its neighbors during World War II. How do you hold together a country comprised of hundreds of ethnic nations when some of those nations wish to break away and form their own countries and others don't get along with each other? They take advantage of freedoms such as freedom of movement and the press that exist in this democracy and control autonomous areas with up to 1,000 or more fighters in a single group. Under centralized power, the parents could make a rule that the heating and cooling system is not allowed to run during the day while no one is in the house. Learn more about our school licenses here. If two parts of a country consider themselves drastically and culturally different from each other, they will be more inclined to separate. 1 - Nigeria's 36 states, and the Federal Capital Territory at the center. Once associated with revolution, France now specializes in devolution, the steady descent of its economic indicators. Similar forces are also felt in other regions of the world. The ultimate review guides for AP subjects to help you plan and structure your prep. The states were required to revise district boundaries based on census data. Half a century ago, the Igbo lost a war and were forced to rejoin Nigeria, but tensions have become enflamed as many feel they can go it alone, perhaps in league with Ambazonia separatist movements to the east in Cameroon, where devolution is also splintering the country. In terms of religion, Nigeria has historically had extreme tensions between and among Muslims and Christians, and between both these groups and practitioners of traditional religions. On Sept. 11, 1997, voters in Scotland overwhelmingly backed the creation of a Scottish Parliament with tax-raising authority, and one week later Welsh voters narrowly approved the creation of the Welsh Assembly; both bodies began sittings in 1999. Those actors can and do affect nations sovereignty and have been dealt with in many ways, from conciliatory to harshly. Dozens, if not hundreds, of organized, heavily-armed criminal groups run by warlords exist across Nigeria and particularly in the northwest. After Tito died in 1980, there were years of uncertainty and unrest. Keep reading to learn more about the causes for devolution in Nigeria, the effects, and more. An example of devolution would be the British government transferring powers to Scotland in 1999. Shatterbelt. Catalonia routinely calls for full independence from Spain. the gradual devolution of the neighborhood from a thriving community of close-knit families to a drug-ridden slum Recent Examples on the Web Allies described her as one of the most important leaders of the era of devolution, when London delegated more power to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. succeed. j9*az';zpM_p-R\_&8$UU>aX2dE1L6d0>(-RH@Cdn3B2]XQG^a .;H Despite subsidies, the development gap is growing. By 1997, the Yugoslav region officially broke into several new states including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia. In the U.K. and Spain, two of the most well-known devolved countries, separatist terrorist groups perpetrated acts of violence for decades. Iraq is a multi-ethnic state with a complex political landscape, and regional and ethnic tensions have contributed to the fragmentation of the state and the emergence of competing power centers. In simple terms, devolution is when a centralized governing power chooses to relinquish some power and authority to the smaller governing regions within their power. Devolution is often seen as a way to address regional or local differences and to give more control to the people who are most affected by certain policies. Ironically the adoption of the Euro as part of the European Union (EU) created centrifugal forces in Europe. They begrudgingly admired Northerners as "civilized" because of the scholarly written Islamic tradition stretching back centuries. Devolution has been moderately successful in Spain, Belgium, Nigeria, Canada, and the UK, though still rife with tension. Think about a family who lives in a five bedroom house. W~Xz~8:r/{*Ym3CV@b8h* 4Gaso!X{\(YLMP$'HR$pm@xaisY9ikOApn~ERp@&_ws4MLp_ZcO'v:L$5|)TdX & gtf. They are called centrifugal forces, and some examples of these forces are religious, ethno-cultural, economic, and spatial differences and can lead to devolution. 1b. The table below shows and explains three important historical reasons for devolution. Valuable resources become the source of conflict in federal systems where regions with autonomy can exert increasing control over who gets the revenues. An autonomous region is a region that has a high degree of self-governance and is able to make decisions on matters of local concern without interference from the central government. The most famous example of devolution is in the United Kingdom, where Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland exercise authority over their own lands, but remain part of the U.K. Usually, the central government maintains power of things like national security and defense but allows devolved governments to do things like set up courts, make laws, and regulate education. In 1989, the Iron Curtain collapsed, the Berlin Wall fell, and the devolution process was instrumental in forming the contemporary states present today in Eastern Europe. Supranationalism, Devolution & Democratization | Concepts, Forces, & Examples. After devolution, it has become responsible for many areas, including: Agriculture, forestry and fishing Education Environment Health Housing Justice, policing and courts Local government Some. Cultural boundaries usually closely follow ethnicity and can separate two or more cultural groups. But what are those forces at play and how do central governments deal with those forces to keep the peace in their country? His strength is in educational content writing and technology in the classroom, Erin has taught English and History. Nigeria uses a presidential system and is a federal republic with a bicameral legislature. Devolutionary strategies have always been favored in Nigeria as a way of allowing all peoples representation while balancing the influences of the most powerful ethnic groups and dealing with several other major factors. England has still. Many of Nigeria's ethnic groups once ruled powerful states such as the Sokoto Caliphate (1804-1903, Fulani), the Kanem-Bornu Empire (which lasted over 1,000 years), and so forth. The strong devolutionary forces that advocate for nation-state status are challenged by the need to belong to a larger union for economic survival. Cultural diversity 2. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Some of the key factors that can shape the devolutionary process include: Political context: The political context, including the balance of power between different levels of government and the broader political landscape, can have a significant impact on the devolutionary process. The central government has granted devolved governments for these regions. 1. In 1979 the Labour Party government, supported by the SNP and Plaid Cymru as well as the Liberal Party, held referenda that would have devolved power, but they were rejected by voters in both Wales and Scotland (a majority of voters in Scotland actually favoured devolution, but the proportion did not exceed the two-fifths of the electorate required for passage). Other physical features that can lead to devolution include deserts and large bodies of water. Disputes often arise over boundaries when countries disagree over the superimposed boundaries that split ethnic groups. The old saw is that other poor southern states always say, "Thank God for . C. Describe how regional economic differences contribute to devolutionary pressures within a country. Devolution is the decentralization of power from a central government to regional governments to allow ethnic nations and other groups a degree of autonomy; this can ease tensions and guard against regions seceding and forming their own countries, as Biafra did in Nigeria. G. Identify and explain one impact on population which can result from devolutionary pressures related to cultural differences in either Spain or Nigeria. )Which of the following examples would be considered a devolutionary force? Devolutionary forces can eventually lead to fragmentation of the state. A classic example of devolution is a group demanding more autonomy from the central government. Transfer of decision making power from a central government to a lower level or the break up of states. The Black Sea peninsula with its predominantly ethnic Russian population became a part of Ukraine in 1954, when both Russia and Ukraine were part of the Soviet Union. That is the case of the Scots in Great Britain. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Syria is a multi-ethnic state with a complex political landscape, and regional and ethnic tensions have contributed to the fragmentation of the state and the emergence of competing power centers. Many smaller regions desire to break away from their central governing body to become their own sovereign nation. Other shared traditions around religion, clothing, food, and language can also unite people. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. =:9nq5ne K W9JEn Syria: The ongoing conflict in Syria is also often seen as a result of Balkanization. The fact that the twice-elected President Buhari, once a military leader as well, is a Fulani himself, has led to charges that the Federal government is Northerner-biased, Muslim-biased, and Fulani-biased, and that it turns a blind eye to the herder-farmer conflicts across much of the country in which thousands have died. Can you allow people basic freedoms, including voting, and assume they won't use this power to break away anyway? To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The Kurds would be an example of a nation without a state of their own. One force at play in devolutionary movements is ethno-cultural in nature. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) began a guerrilla war against the federal government in 2021 with the stated aim of secession. Factors such as the presence of a distinct regional or local identity, the history of relations between different levels of government, and the extent to which regional or local traditions and practices are valued can all influence the devolutionary process. Ethnic tensions and a lack of trust in the central government contributed to the breakup of the state, and South Sudan became an independent country. Relinquishing of autonomy to internal units, Process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. New constitutions have devolved more power, given more people a voice, and theoretically have made it more difficult for people in power to amass great fortunes, but both military and civilian leaders have been able to thrive regardless. Devolution is the process of decentralization where a central government relinquishing power to smaller governing regions. Eventually, the decolonization process allowed former colonies to gain their independence. All of these tensions and the power vacuum left by Tito opened the door for violence. Independence: Devolution becomes desirable when smaller regions want to break from the central government and become an independent state. Canada has numerous examples of devolution within its asymmetric federal system. But if the parents agree that the kids in the attic can have some leeway to make their own rules and do the same for the rest of the rooms in the house, the parents power becomes decentralized because they are giving it up to the individual rooms in the house. Nigeria has pursued decentralization progressively since independence in the 1960s and is now in the Fourth Republic. Sign up to highlight and take notes. But so far, devolution in Nigeria has worked without military rule now for over two decades. Ethnic nations have rivalries stretching back centuries. Although it was defeated, the vote sent a clear message that Scotland wanted more autonomy from London. 3: National Assembly (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nigeria%27s_National_Assembly_Building_with_the_Mace.jpg) by Kabusa16 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kabusa16) licensed by CC BY-S.A. 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en). Remember, in this context; a state refers to a country and not a subdivision of the United States. You will need to know the forces that may lead to the devolution of states including physical geography, ethnic separatism, economic, and spatial factors. The First Nigerian Republic lasted three years and ended in a coup. A classic example of devolution is a group demanding more autonomy from the central government. Taiwan, Corsica, Puerto Rico, and Sardinia are all exmaples of countries who are experiencing devolution. Recursive Writing Process & Stages | What is the Recursive Writing Process? The end of the Cold War saw the breakup of the former Soviet Union. For a multinational state with 500+ languages spoken and strong animosities between South and North, this was a way tensions could ease, it was thought. Haiti gained their independence from France because they desired to become their own nation without ties to a European power. Quebec is not the only place where devolutionary forces have been dividing cultural groups in Canada. Discontent is so extreme that militant Ijaw of the Niger Delta to the West, who have suffered human rights abuses for decades and fought their own guerrilla wars over oil with the federal government, have voiced support for the Igbo. Read about devolution in Europe and the UK, reasons for devolution, and devolution vs federalism. 311 lessons. For example, countries that have federal systems of government may have more established mechanisms for devolution, while countries with unitary systems may need to adopt new laws or constitutional amendments to enable devolution. It was a communist state, but was not aligned with the Soviets. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. :DQ5 vy::jYg2IyMl_s pOw}] G.Xj.Yr[:t'&oTe(X=LJ. E. Identify and explain one internal effort on the part of a government to lessen devolutionary pressures in a country. Self-determination has allowed the restoration of Islamic law (Sharia) in 12 states, for example, which had been the case historically in the North. Final Devolution in Nigeria Quiz Question Which of the following is NOT a group seeking to secede from or otherwise separate from Nigeria? Constitutional Democracy: Help and Review, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Introduction to the Study of American Government: Help and Review, The Spread of Democratic Ideals During the Revolutionary War, The Articles of Confederation and the Northwest Ordinance, Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and Shays Rebellion, The Constitutional Convention: The Great Compromise, The Ratification of the Constitution and the New U.S. Government, The US Constitution: Preamble, Articles and Amendments, Constitutional Provisions for Limited Government, The Bill of Rights: The Constitution's First 10 Amendments, Bicameral Legislature: Definition & Features, What is Representative Democracy? Balkanization refers to the process of dividing a region or country into smaller, often mutually hostile, units. If the central government makes the decision that benefit a physically different area, those who do not live in the areas they benefit may want to leave. Devolution usually occurs through conventional statutes rather than through a change in a countrys constitution; thus, unitary systems of government that have devolved powers in this manner are still considered unitary rather than federal systems, because the powers of the subnational authorities can be withdrawn by the central government at any time (compare federalism).
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